Table of contents

Construction of Any Angle from 1⁰ to 360⁰ without Bisection

(’Lagsamladem Method)

Olagunju, Sam Olu and Olademo, J.O. Ani ………………………………………………………                1- 4

R- Permutation and R-Combination Techniques for K-Inclusion Condition

       Mark. Laisin, O.C. Okoli , R. Ujumadu and N. Nsiegbe……………………………………                5-11

Antimicrobial Effect of Root Extracts of African Peach

(Sarcocephalus Esculentus Afzel) On Some Human Pathogens

Okoro, I.S..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….          12-18

Investigation of the Mixture of Used Engine Oil and Kerosine as an

Alternative Source of Fuel

Ibrahim, G., Hassan, M. and Yunusa, I. Y…………………………………………………………              19-29

Rice Husk as a Potential Source of High Technological Raw Materials:

A Review

Omatola K.M and Onojah, A.D.……………………………………………………………………..                   30-35

Physicochemical Analysis of Starch Extracted From Seeds

Of Faidherbia Albida

Malami Shuaibu and Thompson Izuagie…………………………………………………………             36-43

Solution of Polynomial System Using Phcpack

Mohammed Abdullahi, Bello I. Mshelia and Dr. Sabo Hamma ……………………       44-53

Performance Evaluation of Unsupervised Neural Network in

Fraud Detection

Ismaila W.O. Alese B. K. Adeosun O. O. Arulogun O. T.………………………………      54-61

Study of the Effects of Chemical Fertilizers and Herbicides on the Levels

 of some Heavy Metals and Anions in Soils and Corn (Zea mays) Grown in

Selected Parts of Benue State, Nigeria

J. Abah, F.I. Abdulrahaman and N.P. Ndahi………………………………………………………  62-72

Determination of Physicochemical Characteristics of Water in Mubi South

Local Government Area of Adamawa State

Abubakar Ahmed Hamidu and Abdulhamid Umar………………………………………….  73-77

DETERMINATION OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER IN MUBI SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF ADAMAWA STATE

Abubakar Ahmed Hamidu and Abdulhamid Umar

Department of Chemistry

Adamawa State University, Mubi

E-mail: Abshat533@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

The physiochemical properties of water from three different types of water sources were analysed. Water samples were collected from the three types of sources namely: dug wells, deep boreholes and running streams and analysed for conductivity, pH and temperature respectively in Mubi South Local Government Area of Adamawa State. In all the samples the pH was found to be neutral or slightly alkaline, that is between 7.0 – 7.9 depending on the source of water. The highest pH of 7.9 was obtained from Wuro Patugi and Kwaccham respectively. Conductivity measurements also revealed values of 10.2mmhs/cm at a dug well in Wuro Patugi, whereas a minimum of 4.0 mmhs/cm was obtained from a borehole at Ngavah all in Mubi South Local Government Area of Adamawa State. Further analyses were carried out in the nitrate content of water samples from the three sources of water available in Mubi South Local Government Area of Adamawa State. The result obtained also showed that the maximum nitrate content of 21.5mg/L was from a dug well in Kwaccham at a temperature of 21^oC whereas a minimum of a negligible 1.10mg/L was observed in the case of a deep borehole located in Army Barracks at a temperature of 27.5^oC. Also carried out was absorbance measurements of the samples obtained from the various sources.

Key wards: – Physiochemical properties, Nitrate, Drinking water, Mubi south.

STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS AND HERBICIDES ON THE LEVELS OF SOME HEAVY METALS AND ANIONS IN SOILS AND CORN (ZEA MAYS) GROWN IN SELECTED PARTS OF BENUE STATE, NIGERIA

¹J. Abah; ²F.I. Abdulrahaman and ²N.P. Ndahi

¹Department of Chemistry, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria

²Department of Chemistry, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria

E-mail: abahjim@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

This study employed standard laboratory procedures to determine the effects of the uncontrolled applications of chemical fertilizers and  herbicides on the levels of some heavy metals and anions in soils and corns (Zea mays) grown in some farms in Otukpo, Ohimini and Katsina-Ala Local Government Areas of Benue State, Nigeria between April and August, 2010. Levels of the heavy metals and anions in the samples were determined using an SP Pye (1900) Unicam Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer equipped with air–acetylene burner and UV-Visible Smart Spectrophotometer (2000) respectively. Results of the concentrations of heavy metals in the corns of white maize varied between 0.016±0.001µg/g Co to 1.613±0.810µg/g Fe while a record of 0.019±0.003µg/g Co to 1.420±0.150µg/g Fe was obtained in the corns of yellow maize. The concentrations of the anions ranged from 30.18±3.91µg/g NO₂^– to 2511.18±1.03µg/g PO₄^3- in white maize corns and 28.45±1.35µg/g NO₂^– to 2705.03±5.01µg/g PO₄^3- in corns of yellow maize. Within 0-10cm of the soil depth, the heavy metals concentrations varied between 0.061±0.002µg/g Cr to 4.780±0.410µg/g Pb while the anions levels varied between 25.09±1.82µg/g NO₂^– to 400.83±1.16µg/g PO₄^3-. 10-20cm soil depth recorded higher concentrations of the heavy metals and anions. Both the levels of the heavy metals and anions were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in corns and soils obtained from farmers’ fields than the values recorded in samples from the control farms cultivated in each of the sample locations. However, these concentrations were lower than the WHO/FAO’s dietary permissible limits. The elevated levels of the heavy metals and anions in farmers’ fields suggest that the farmers should be trained to adopt better management of the applications of these agrochemicals in maize cultivation.

Key words: Corns, Agrochemicals, Heavy metals, Anions, Farmers’ Fields.

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF UNSUPERVISED NEURAL NETWORK IN FRAUD DETECTION

*Ismaila W.O. ¹ Alese B. K.² Adeosun O. O.¹  Arulogun O. T. ¹

¹Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso.

²Federal University of Technology, Akure.

woismaila@lautech.edu.ng

ABSTRACT

Despite significant efforts by merchants, card issuers and law enforcement to curb fraud, online fraud continues to plague electronic commerce web sites. More advanced solutions are desired to protect merchants from the constantly evolving problem caused by fraud. The supervised machine learning technique for the most well known fraud detection algorithms makes them inadequate for an online system. This paper presents an automated credit card fraud detection system based on the unsupervised neural network technology. The proposed system is based on Self-Organizing Map algorithm that creates a model of typical cardholder’s spending profiles to detect suspicious transactions. The results were evaluated with performance metrics to determine its effectiveness.

Keywords: Payment System, Credit card, Spending profiles, Fraud Detection, Self Organizing Map.

SOLUTION OF POLYNOMIAL SYSTEM USING PHCPACK

¹Mohammed Abdullahi, ²Bello I. Mshelia and ²Sabo Hamma

¹Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria

²Mathematical Science Program, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi

   E-mail: abdull109@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

In the year 1225, Leonardo of Pisa studied the equation x³ + 2x² + 10x -20 = 0 and produced x = 1.368 808 107. Nobody knows by what method Leonardo found this value. In this paper, we examined this Leonardo’s equation using iterative, Newton’s and phc (Polynomial Homotopy Continuation) and compare the results.

Keywords: Leonardo’s equation, polynomial systems, Homotopy continuation, PHCpack.

PHYSICOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF STARCH EXTRACTED FROM SEEDS OF Faidherbia albida

Malami Shuaibu and Thompson Izuagie

Department of Natural Sciences

The Polytechnic of Sokoto State, Sokoto

Email: oshiobugie2007@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the physicochemical properties of starch extracted from seeds of Faidherbia albida collected form different locations within Sokoto metropolis. After extraction by hot water method, the starch was subjected to physicochemical analysis. The results of the analysis showed that the starch yield was 39.2% while the starch pH was 7.2. Also, the moisture content, ash content, starch protein, starch lipid, and amylose content of the starch were 7.3%, 0.02%, 0.72%, 0.27% and 26.7% respectively. Equally, the results showed that the swelling power, solubility and extent of amylose leaching were 10.7g/g, 2.9% and 5.9% respectively. Thus, the study concludes that F. albida starch may require some modifications in order to serve as a raw material for industrial products.

 Key words: Faidherbia albida, Starch, extraction, amylose

RICE HUSK AS A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF HIGH TECHNOLOGICAL RAW MATERIALS: A REVIEW

¹Omatola K.M and ²Onojah, A.D.

¹Department of Physics, Kogi State University, Anyigba

²Department of Physics,University of Agriculture, Makurdi

E-mail; komatola@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

The potentiality of rice husk as a good source of high technological materials is the subject of this research. Every year approximately 600 million tones of paddy are produced globally. This gives around 120 million tones of rice husk (RH) and 21 million tones of rice husk ash (RHA) annually. Major four uses of rice husk ash are in the steel, cement, refractory bricks and semiconductor industry. Besides these, it can be utilized in several other applications. In this literature review we have observed a preliminary analysis of the numerous reported utilization of rice husk. The use of rice husk for electricity generation in efficient manner is likely to transform this agricultural waste into a valuable fuel for industries and thus might help in boosting the farm economy and rural development and at the same time, waste disposal of rice husk is addressed while generation of employment will become possible as amorphous silica production from rice husks ashes will be formalized.

Keywords: rice husk, rice husk ash, industrial utilization, temperature, economic savings.

INVESTIGATION OF THE MIXTURE OF USED ENGINE OIL AND KEROSINE AS AN ALTERNATIVE SOURCE OF FUEL

¹Ibrahim, G., Hassan, M. and Yunusa, I. Y.

¹ Department of Physics, University of Maiduguri, Borno State.

Email: garbaibrahim2001@yahoo.co.uk

ABSTRACT

Domestic fuel like kerosene has become an expensive commodity today for use as fuel energy, but used Engine oil is more available than kerosine. Therefore, a mixture of used engine oil and kerosene at various ratios were subjected to an experimental test in order to determine their physical properties. This is to ascertain the viability of the mixture as domestic fuel. This paper will present some preliminary results of the ratio 1:4 mixture which indicates its efficiency over 1:5 and 1:6 ratio.

Keyword:  Used Engine oil and Kerosine.

ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECT OF ROOT EXTRACTS OF AFRICAN PEACH (SARCOCEPHALUS ESCULENTUS AFZEL) ON SOME HUMAN PATHOGENS

Okoro, I.S.

Department of Chemistry

 University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria

E-mail: ijdivinefavour1@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

The roots extract of Sarcocephalus esculentus (African peach) was tested on some human pathogens; Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Kleibsiella pneumonia, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the bacteria isolates used. The organic solvents used for the extraction of active mycolides of the medicinal plant root were, ethanol, chloroform, methanol and petroleum ether.  S. typhi, K. pneumonia and S. aureus, showed a high sensitivity to root extracts of S. esculentus, while E. coli and P. aeruginosa were resistant to all the extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentration value of the extracts on the organisms ranged between 0.0625-0.125mg/ml for S. typhi and 0.125-0.5mg/ml for K. pneumonia, and 0.125mg/ml for S. aureus. The solvent type of extract, concentrations of the root extracts and the organisms were factors that affected the antimicrobial activity.

Keywords.  Antmicrobial, human pathogens, mycolide, medicinal plant.

r- PERMUTATION AND r-COMBINATION TECHNIQUES FOR k-INCLUSION CONDITION

¹Mark. Laisin, O.C. Okoli , R. Ujumadu and N. Nsiegbe

¹Department of Mathematics/ Statistics, Anambra State University, Uli, Anambra State

E-mail: laisinmark@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

In this work, we studied the r-permutation and r-combination of a set of n distinct elements such that a fixed group k of elements (k n) must be in each permutation or combination. For the purpose of simplicity in solving problems of this nature, we derived a generalized formula for obtaining the solution to such problems.

         KEY WORDS AND PHRASES.  r- permutation, r-combination, k- inclusion.