Table of Contents

Effects of Different Pectin Sources on Some Quality

Parameters of Watermelon (Citrullus Lanatus) Jelly

Linus-Chibuezeh, A., C. J. Okoye., O. Okorie. and S. Kalu                                                         1-18

Lead Intoxication: Nature of Structural Damage in the Kidney, Liver, Lung, Testis, Epididymis and Spleen

Joshua O Owolabi, Philip O Ogunnaike                                                                                  19-40

Gaussian White Noise Process in Radiology and Medical Imaging

Arimie, C. O.                                                                                                                            41-51

Bayesian Logistic Regression using Gaussian Naïve Bayes

J. F. Ojo, R.O.Olanrewaju, & S.A.Folorunsho                                                                            52-69

Analysis of Hydrocarbons Released through Hydropyrolysis of Asphaltenes

Obtained from Soil Sample in Erhiemu, Nigeria

Ivwurie, W. & Appi, T.S.                                                                                                           70-78

Comparative Studies on Uptake of Lead (Pb) and Chromium (Cr) by

Amaranthus Caudatus

Adamu, H.M, Khalid, M.T,Ushie, O. A, Shibdawa M. A& Neji, P. A                                         79-91

COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON UPTAKE OF LEAD (Pb) AND CHROMIUM (Cr) BY AMARANTHUS CAUDATUS

Adamu, H.M¹, Khalid, M.T, ¹ *Ushie, O. A², Shibdawa M. A¹ & Neji, P. A³

¹Department of Chemistry, AbubakarTafawa Balewa University, Bauchi

²Department of Chemical Sciences, Federal University, Wukari Nigeria

³Department of Chemical Science, Cross River University of Technology Calabar,

Email: afiushie@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Soil pollution with heavy metals due to discharge of untreated urban and industrial waste water is a major threat to ecological and human well being. This research was carried out to determine and compare the level of heavy metal uptake (Cr and Pb) of Amaranthuscaudatus planted on contaminated soil. A 6kg of soil was contaminated with 20g of Pb(NO₃)₂ which contains 12.51g of Pb and 20g of K₂Cr₂O₇ which contains 7.07g of Cr. Amaranthuscaudatus was planted on this contaminated soil. Germination begins after 2 days of plantation but for Cr there was no germination. In soil contaminated with Pb, growth continuous for 50 days under. A similar trend was carried out for the uncontaminated soil which also germinates after 2 days of plantation.   The result shows that Cr was toxic to germination and it affects the germination process of Amaranthuscaudatus which did not germinate entirely. The level of heavy metals in the soil and vegetable was determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) analysis. Transfer Factor (TF) from the soil to the plant was also determined. This result shows a large percentage of the heavy metals absorbed by the plant from the soil. The result also shows that Amaranthuscaudatus has the ability to phytoremediate to a very small extent.

BAYESIAN LOGISTIC REGRESSION USING GAUSSIAN NAÏVE BAYES

J. F. Ojo, R.O.Olanrewaju, & S.A.Folorunsho

Department of Statistics,

University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Email: jfunminiyiojo@yahoo.co.uk, rasakiolawale@gmail.com, serifatf005@gmail.com,

ABSTRACT

This study describes the approach of Gaussian Naïve Bayes (GNB) as a prior distribution classifier in a two-class (dichotomous) classification of the posterior probability of the dependent variable in a Bayesian logistic regression.   This approach establishes the procedure for parameter estimation of Bayesian logistic regression when we could not ascertained whether the prior distribution is informative or non-informative. The Newton-Raphson iterative procedure was used in estimating the vector parameters because there was no closed-form solution due to non-linearity of the logistic function. This study was applied to four set of panaceas drugs on diarrhea treatment for babies less than a year old (Nigeria Demographic Health Survey (NDHS, 2013)). It was noted that the standard errors of parameters estimated via Bayesian logistic regression using the GNB were lower than that of standard errors of parameters estimated via the Classical Logistic Regression (CLR) using the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE), which makes Bayesian logistic regression via GNB better than CLR.

Keywords: Gaussian Naïve Bayes, Bayesian Logistic Regression, Maximum Likelihood Estimation, Posterior Distribution, Prior Distribution.

GAUSSIAN WHITE NOISE PROCESS IN RADIOLOGY AND MEDICAL IMAGING

Arimie, C.O.

Department of Radiology,

University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt.

E-mail: codarimie@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

This paper highlights the impact of noise on diagnostic image quality and the methods used to de-noise the images for improved quality and better clinical diagnosis. The various types of noise sequences interfering with the diagnostic image especially, the Gaussian white noise was discussed. Since the first two moments of a normally distributed process is sufficient to characterize it completely, the mean and variance of higher powers of the linear Gaussian white noise process  were determined. The results show that for fixed s, increase in power of the process leads to increase in variance. As noise production is inherent in the modality for the image acquisition, and against the backdrop that repeat studies have some unpalatable economic, health and social consequences, we recommend that health managers should rather, go for equipments with high signal to noise ratio when procuring medical imaging equipments and should at all times hire the services of quality assurance personnel.  

Keywords: Gaussian white noise, time series, image quality, medical diagnosis, computed tomography.

LEAD INTOXICATION: NATURE OF STRUCTURAL DAMAGE IN THE KIDNEY, LIVER, LUNG, TESTIS, EPIDIDYMIS AND SPLEEN

Joshua O Owolabi & Philip O Ogunnaike

Department of Anatomy, Ben Carson Sr. School of Medicine,

Babcock University, Nigeria

Email: olaowolabi001@yahoo.com; owolabijo@babcock.edu.ng.

ABSTRACT

The damaging effects of lead poisoning to various organs of the body have been severally reported; as well as the health complications they produce. There are however relatively few reports on the nature of such effects on body tissues- histology, most publications have rather addressed the resulting complications. The proper understanding of the nature of the effects of lead poisoning on body tissues could help in understating the cause of the complications and may provide insights into better ways of managing lead poisoning effects. This research investigated the effects of lead poisoning on a number of vital body tissues histology. Twelve Wistar rats were distributed into two groups: Group A being the control and Group B was administered 50mg/kg body weight of lead-in-water for a period of 28 days that the experiment lasted. The tissues were excised, fixed in formal saline and processed using the routine Haematoxylin and Eosin staining technique. Photomicrographs were obtained and analysed critically using qualitative histological principles. Lead produced observable deleterious effects on all tissues tested, the extent however vary greatly: from its extensively disruptive effects on the kidney tissues. Kidney glomeruli tubules were morphologically distorted while tubular cells show signs of assault and morphological distortions. Testis histo-architecture and epididymis epithelium were also disrupted. The spleen pulps, especially white, show sign of damage while bone marrow cells are fewer in the lead intoxicated group. Liver cells and alveolar epithelium showed signs of damage; Lead poisoning effects was observed in all the tissues.

Keywords:  Lead Poisoning Tissues Histology Wistar Rat

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT PECTIN SOURCES ON SOME QUALITY PARAMETERS OF WATERMELON (CITRULLUS LANATUS) JELLY

Linus-Chibuezeh, A¹., C.J. Okoye¹., O. Okorie²and S. Kalu² 

¹Department of Food Science and Technology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria.

²Department of Food Science and Technology, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria

Email: linusadindu@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Watermelon was used to produced jelly using pectin from different fruits (lime, lemon, orange, pineapple and grape), and jelly without the addition of pectin served as control. Physicochemical and proximate analysis were conducted on the jelly samples using standard methods, while sensory evaluated was conducted using 20 member panelists. Results showed for physicochemical: pH ranged from 3.28-3.63, TSS ranged from 60.39-67.27%, TTA ranged from 0.58-0.82%, brix content ranged from 17.53-25.78 and vitamin C ranged from 11.61-23.49. The proximate composition showed that moisture content range from 29.50 to 38.64%, ash ranged from 1.03 to 0.96%, crude protein ranged from 0.84 to 1.09%, crude fats ranged from 1.09 to 0.62%, the total solids ranged from 38.64 to 70.48%, carbohydrate ranged from 59.21 to 67.66% while crude fibre showed no value. Sensory evaluation showed that all the samples were acceptable to the panelists with respect to overall acceptability. The work also revealed that fruit waste can be utilized in jelly production.

Keywords: Pectin, Jelly, Physicochemical, Proximate, Sensory Evaluation