Table of Contents

Proximate Composition and Levels of Some Anti-Nutrient Contents

of Urgineaaltissima

A.S. Kamba., L. Abubakar.,  M.U. Muhammad., S.M. Adamu and S. Muhammad                     1-6

Comparison of Gel and Macroporous Resins Using the Removal of Pb (II) Ions

from Aqueous Solutions by Cations Exchange Resins Synthesized from

Orange Mesocarp as Case Study

Iyekekpolor R.M.                                                                                                                      7-14

Determination of Threshold Radiation Dose in the Degradation Process of

Indigo Dye by Gamma Irradiation Technique

T. S. Bich, S.P. Mallam, D.G. Diso and M.A.Y. Hotoro                                                               15-22

Physics of Groundwater Flow for Confined and Unconfined Aquifers in Relation

to Measurement of Groundwater Level variation with time

Hayatu A.I., Nura Y. and Nuhu I.                                                                                             23-34

Production and Analysis of the Heating Properties of Coal and Rice Husk

Briquettes Using CaSO₄ as a Binder

Ogbuagu J., Onuegbu T.,Ikelle I.K., Chimezie O., and Anyigor C.                                            35-44

Structure and Surface Morphology of CoCrTa Thin Films Deposited

at Low Sputtering Pressure

Usman M.G.                                                                                                                             45-58

Radiation Exposure Levels Associated with Gold Mining in Sakwa Wagusu Area,

Bondo District, Kenya

Aguko W.O., Kinyua R., and Ongeri R.M.                                                                                 59-74

The Study of Effects of Radiation from Satellite Dishes and Cell Phones in

Abakaliki, Nigeria

Udeajah, V.N. and Okereke, E.                                                                                                 75-79

Geophysical Investigation of Weathered Basement, Using Electrical Resistivity

Method in Zainawa Village, Kano State, Nigeria

Aliyu N.S, Aminu A.L and Chiemeke C.                                                                                   80-90

Permissible Radiation Dose for Old Patient in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State

Udeajah V.N.                                                                                                  91-100

A VIRTUAL COMMUNITY FOR LEARNERS INTEGRATION

1Japheth B.R. and 2Spencer .P.
1Department of Mathematics/Computer Science, Niger Delta University, Yenagoa, Nigeria
2Department of Computer Science, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
E-mail: jbunakiye@yahoo.com, pakaye_kirime@yahoo.co.uk

ABSTRACT

The goal of learning in the midst of individuals and groups with mixed potentials is performance. It is evident that learning is most effective when it is done in an integrated platform. Learning analysts encourage this integration but don’t always offer practical strategies to make it happen. This paper attempts to begin to truly reduce the gap that slows down enterprise training and find ways
to bring learning to an online community where interaction is never physical.The system works with computers connected to the network from different ends coupled with a viable database that can store users’ information. The system has an archive that keeps record of user logs, message received, friend request and friends that have been added to the friend list. The system is also made of two users which involve the administrator and the client (the client consist of both the student and lecturers), where the administrator has a full right to the system and the clients have limited rights to the system, and this is made possible using HTML tags and java scripts for the front end (client side), PHP scripts for the
server side scripts, and MYSQL for the database design.

TIME DELAY AND DIMENSIONLESS FACTOR: THE INFLUENCE OF CLAY WALL THICKNESS ON THE TWO DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF BUILDING

B. Hamza and A. U. Moreh
Department of Physics,
Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.
E-mail: bashiru.hamza@yahoo.co.uk

ABSTRACT

The evaluation of time delay and dimensionless factor provides a measure of the developed indoor thermal conditions and from an energy point of view, the possibility of reducing the energy load demands. For this Investigations were carried out on the time delay and dimensional factors of a clay building. In the computations, the periodic boundary and the convection boundary conditions to
the outer surface of the wall were applied to the one dimensional transient heat conduction equation. A set of clay building was used in the analysis. The computations were repeated for the five different clay walls thickness and the
influence of the wall thickness on time delay and dimensionless factor were investigated. It was found that thickness of wall has a very pronounced exponential relation with the dimensionless factor and time delay.

CHEMICAL AND NUTRIENT ANALYSIS OF RAW AND FERMENTED

SEEDS OF Cassia tora
H.M. Adamu1, O.A. Ushie 2 and .B. Elisha3
1&3Chemistry Programme, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi, Nigeria
2Department of Chemical Science, Federal University, Wukari Nigeria
E-mail: harmiadamu@ymail.com

ABSTRACT

The quantitative analysis of nutritional values, mineral content and anti-nutritional factors of raw and fermented seeds of Cassia tora was determined by using standard procedures. The seed was found to be a good source of carbohydrates (33.47% and 21.80%), for both raw and fermented seeds respectively, crude protein
content was found to to be 13.79% and 17.21% for raw and fermented seeds respectively, and crude fats (16.085 and 18.36%) for raw and fermented seeds respectively. It also contains substantial quantities of copper, iron, sodium, zinc,
magnesium, and calcium. The results showed a significant increase of 70.36%, 24.80%, 14.68% and 51.67%, in ash, crude protein, crude fats and crude fibre respectively, in the fermented seeds. The results also indicated a decrease in the anti-nutritional factors saponins decreased by about 7.41% with the effects of
boiling and fermentation could improve some nutritional values and enhance the reduction of anti-nutritional factors.

REGULATION OF THE TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN A BATCH HEATER
COLLECTOR TANK USING BAFFLES
Gacuca, V.M* 1, Kamau, J. N.2 , Kinyua R.1 and Soita, T.21
Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology and 2 Department of Physics,
1&2Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, Kenya.
E-mail:gacucav@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

This study examines the problem of getting an even temperature in the tank of an integrated collector storage (ICS) heater. The naturally occurring thermosyphon current, together with baffles (or fins) on the inside of the absorber are used to bring
all water layers inside the tank to an even temperature. The prototype was designed as an outdoor hand-washing cistern with no other means to push the heated water out other than gravity. The results indicate that adding baffles to the underside of
the collector aided in proper mixing of water to reduce the temperature stratification and allow better heat penetration to the lower parts of the tank. The mixing action occurred with variable effectiveness at different collector inclinations. The most
effective mixing was found to occur at 60⁰-collector inclination angle. The bestachieved temperature difference between the top and bottom levels of the tank was
3⁰C.

SOCIAL ENGINEERING RELATED ATM FRAUD: A WAY FORWARD

1Bulus L.D., 2Sajoh D.I. and 3Onyeka N.C.
Department of Computer Science
Federal Polytechnic Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria
E-mail: buluslucy08@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

It is well-known that criminals have many ways of illegally accessing ATM card to retrieve money in account of legitimate users. In this paper, brief overviews of the possible fraudulent activities that may be associated with social engineering were provided. Security measures to guide against such
problem were also provided. One hundred questionnaires were distributed to respondents; Fig.3 in appendix illustrates the respondents’ views in percentage. More so, Table 4 shows the chi-square distribution. Hence, from this study, it
can be deduce that people are not making themselves vulnerable to social engineering attacks. Finally, social engineering attacks happened on daily basis it, depends on the way it appears to users of the ATM card.

RADIATION EXPOSURE LEVELS ASSOCIATED WITH GOLD MINING IN SAKWA WAGUSU AREA, BONDO DISTRICT, KENYA.

2Aguko W.O., 1Kinyua R., and 2Ongeri R.M. 1Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi-Kenya. 2&2Physics Department,
Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi-Kenya.
E-mail: masira_j@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
The concentrations and distribution of natural radionuclides in soils and water from around Sakwa Wagusu Area, Kenya were investigated with an aim of evaluating the environmental radioactivity and radiological health hazard. These radionuclides are a source of radiation exposure which has been documented to have detrimental health effects for populations living in high background radiation area. Thirty nine rock and soil samples were collected from ten sites of Sakwa Wagusu area, Bondo district to measure their natural radioactivity concentrations due to 226Ra, 232Th and 40K radionuclides. Measurements were done by use of gamma spectrometry method with a high purity germanium (HPGe) detector. The calculated activities for 226Ra ranged from 7.2 – 113.8 Bqkg-1 (mean: 44.2Bqkg-1), for 232Th ranged from 4.6 – 100.7 Bqkg-1(mean: 40.3Bqkg-1) and for 40K ranged from 119.3 – 1611.8Bqkg-1 (mean: 639.6Bqkg-1). The mean measured absorbed dose rate for the areas under study, measured at 1m above the surface was 141.6nGyh-1 while the calculated total absorbed dose rates were found to average 69.8nGyh-1 below the surface. To evaluate the radiological hazard of the natural radioactivity, the radium equivalent activity, the external hazard index, internal hazard index, the absorbed dose rate and the effective dose rate have been calculated and compared with internationallyapproved values. The radium equivalent activity values of all samples are lower than the limit of 370Bqkg-1. The values of the external and internal indices are less than unity. The calculated mean outdoor effective dose rate was 0.17mSvy-1 and is less than 1mSvy-1 upper limit recommended for the public by ICRP. An excess lifetime cancer risk of 0.02% was achieved with an assumption of 30% occupancy factor, the risk factor of 0.04 per Sv (ICRP, 2008) and the mean annual effective dose rate of 0.17mSvy-1.

STRUCTURE AND SURFACE MORPHOLOGY OF CoCrTa THIN FILMS DEPOSITED AT LOW SPUTTERING PRESSURE

Usman M. Gana
Department of Physics, Bayero University, Kano
E-mail: ganau1871@buk.edu.ng
ABSTRACT
Thin films of Co78.6Cr18.9Ta2.5 were deposited on ultra-flat and smooth glass disk substrates. The structure and surface morphology of the films were studied by optical and electron (scanning and transmission) microscopy. The combination of the inertness of the substrate and the low deposition pressure used lead to the development of isolated grains. The surface morphology of the films remained smooth and fairly flat with average surface roughness of 1.64nm. The sample deposited at the highest pressure of 1.2 x 10-2mbar showed the greatest deviation of the roughness value from Gaussian (normal) distribution of the glass disk substrate. The low surface roughness values are indicative of good potential of the use of the technique in the production of media that could employ very low flying heights in magnetic recording.

PRODUCTION AND ANALYSIS OF THE HEATING PROPERTIES OF COAL AND RICE HUSK BRIQUETTES USING CaSO4 AS A BINDER

Ogbuagu Jephtha1, Onuegbu Theresa2, Ikelle Issie Ikelle3,
Chimezie Onuoha4, and Anyigor Chukwuma5
1&2Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka
3,4&5Department of Industrial Chemistry, Ebonyi State University Abakaliki
E-mail: iikelle@ymail.com
ABSTRACT
This work involves the production of briquettes from coal and rice husk. The different briquette samples were produced by blending varying compositions of coal and rice husk at the following ratios of 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80 and 0:100 using calcium sulphate as a binder and calcium hydroxide as the desulphurizing agent. The briquettes were produced mechanically using a manual briquetting machine with pressure maintained at 5MPa. Results of the proximate analysis showed that of the different compositions that 60% coal:40% rice husk briquettes with following values for ash content 25.92%, fixed carbon 47.18%, moisture content 3.82%, density 0.474g/cm3, volatile matter 23.08%, porosity index 42.53%, calorific value 118.44KJ/g, water boiling test 2.14mins, ignition time 33.10secs, burning time 19.85mins and sulphur content 7.04% exhibited optimum combustible quality when compared with other compositions of briquettes
produced.

PHYSICS OF GROUNDWATER FLOW FOR CONFINED AND UNCONFINED AQUIFERS IN RELATION TO MEASUREMENT OF GROUNDWATER LEVEL VARIATION WITH TIME

Hayatu A.I., Nura Y. and Nuhu I.
Department of Physics,
University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
Email: hayatuabbaibrahim@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
This research is on physics of groundwater flow which consist of equations of confined and unconfined aquifers these are mathematical equation called steady state or Laplace’s equation and Boussinesq of equation respectively .As in many third world countries like Nigeria the need to study groundwater flow is very important , as water is very important for human survival and environment .But , it is also scarce in many developing countries as such to have enough knowledge of the ground water flow and what it takes to have sufficient water supply is very important for living things and the environment in general.