Table of Contents

Medical Tourism and Nigeria-India Relations

Sharkdam Wapmuk, Agatha Eileen Wapmukand Titilola Abike Gbajabiamila                     1-27

Health and Economic Impact of Surgical Site Infections for Obstetric Surgical in Patients at General Hospital Funtua, Katsina State North-Western Nigeria

Dalhatu, A., Muhammad S. Mijinyawa, Hayatu, S. Yunusa, U.                                                 28-37

Blood Transfusion a Silent Epidemic: A Case Study in a Semi-Urban Health

Care Centre

Dalhatu, A. & Muhammad S., Mijinyawa                                                                                38-47

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Free and Asphaltene Derived High

Temperature Coal Tar

Ivwurie W., Emelife S.C., Snape C. & Sun C.                                                                             48-53

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Free and Asphaltene Derived

Low Temperature Coal Tar from the Coalite Plant near Chesterfield

Ivwurie W., Emelife S.C., Snape C. & Sun C.                                                                             54-59

Outcomes of Formal and Informal Nursing Mentorship Programs in

Kenya Public Universities

Sherry Oluchina                                                                                                                       60-79

The Compliance of Mothers/ Care-Givers to Drugs used in the Treatment

of Malaria among under Five Children in Ukwuani Local Government Area,

Delta State

Chime, Helen C. & Obiora–Okeke Kenechukwu                                                                      80-90

The Compliance of Mothers/ Care-Givers to Drugs used in the Treatment of Malaria among under Five Children in Ukwuani Local Government Area, Delta State

*Chime, Helen C.¹ & Obiora–Okeke Kenechukwu¹

¹Department of Public and Community Health,

Novena University, Ogume, Kwale, Delta State

Email: * helenoputa2002@yahoo.com or jesumowo0630@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

The study was carried out to investigate the compliance of Mothers/Guardians to drugs used in treating malaria among under than five children in Ukwuani Local Government Area of Delta State. A well structured questionnaire was used to elicit relevant information from Mothers/Guardians on their life style of use and adherence to medications particularly for malaria treatment. Two hundred and three questionnaires were administered to the respondents by the researcher. The data obtained were analyzed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. The research questions were answered using descriptive statistics; while the research hypotheses were tested using regression analysis. The results were presented in tables. There was a statistically significant correlation (r= 0.26) between attitude of Mothers/Guardians and their adherence to treatment, there was also a statistically significant relationship between health seeking behavior of Mothers/Guardians and the ability of Mothers/Guardians to adhere to treatment of their wards(r= 0.23;   F (1, 201) = 11.12 and p = 0.00). In conclusion, although attitude influences adherence to treatment, however, there are certain factors which may be responsible for this. It is therefore recommended that Mothers/ care-givers should be educated on the need to ensure adherence to medications given by medical personnel, so as to ensure proper treatment of the ailment, there is also need to create more awareness on the use of anti-malarial drugs amongst mothers.

Outcomes of Formal and Informal Nursing Mentorship Programs in Kenya Public Universities

Sherry Oluchina

University of Agriculture and Technology,

School of Nursing, Jomo Kenyatta, Kenya

Email:oluchinasherry@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT Mentorship was a one to one reciprocal nurturing relationship between a more experienced and knowledgeable mentor and a less experienced mentee. A mentor was a person who had expertise in the areas of need identified by the mentee and was able to share the wisdom in a nurturing way. A mentee was someone seeking guidance in developing specific competencies, self awareness and skills in early intervention. The study aim was to evaluate outcomes of formal and informal nursing mentorship programs in Kenya public universities. This was a descriptive and exploratory cross-sectional evaluative study. It used both qualitative and quantitative methods in data collection where 305 mentees and mentors participated. Qualitative data collection utilised focus group discussions, while quantitative utilised questionnaires. In quantitative data collection method, simple random sampling was used while in qualitative, purposive and snowball non probability samplings were used to select participants.  Exploratory data analysis was used to summarize quantitative data. For qualitative data analysis, thematic content analysis was done. The outcomes of formal and informal mentorship programs that were reported were nursing profession, nursing program and personal growths. Nursing profession growth was the outcome that was highly rated by almost more than a half (52.3%) of respondents. On nursing profession growth, averagely (67%) of mentees passed the national nursing council exam; more than a half (50%) of nurse mentors reported quality of nursing care given to patients by mentees improved;  and less than 50% of mentors reported they got promotions. On nursing programs growth, there was a fairly constant rate in recruitments and retention of mentees and mentors. On personal growth, there was improved personal satisfaction, accountability and responsibility, morale, self confidence,

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Free and Asphaltene Derived High Temperature Coal Tar

Ivwurie W., Emelife S.C., Snape C. & Sun C.

Department of Chemistry,

Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun

Email: wivwurie@yahoo.co.uk

ABSTRACT

Free and asphaltene derived samples of high temperature coal tar (HTCT 1 and 2 respectively) from the Kopper plant in Scunthorpe, North Lincolnshire were analyzed for polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons using gas chromatographic-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The concentrations of the individual PAHs ranged from 1.2 mg/g-98 mg/g with a mean concentration of 390.7 mg/g ± 23.05 mg/g. The study showed a higher concentration of the high molecular weight PAHs for both free and asphaltene derived low temperature coal tar implying that the asphaltene derived can be used for correlation and source apportionment studies where the free has been altered.

Blood Transfusion a Silent Epidemic: A Case Study in a Semi-Urban Health Care Centre

             Dalhatu, A. & Muhammad S, Mijinyawa

Department of Nursing Sciences, Bayero University Kano

Department of Medicine, Bayero University Kano

E-mails: adamudalhatu206@gmail.com, profandnafs@yahoo.com  

ABSTRACT

Progress in any scientific discipline is dependent on the availability of techniques and methods that extend the range and sophistication of experiments that may be performed. Blood is a precious resource with an ever limiting supply due to the aging population. The saving of many lives in history has been partly credited to blood transfusions. Use of blood has not been based upon scientific evaluation of benefits, but mostly on anecdotal experience and so a variety of factors are challenging current practice. Risks of transfusions remain a major concern, with advances in blood screening and processing shifting the profile from infectious to non-infectious risks. Therefore, in an evidence-based medical practice the health care providers should regard transfusion with a skewed risk/benefit ratio. The study examined the prevalence of blood transfusion and documents the safety measures for transfusion.  A descriptive cross sectional study was used involving all subjects who met up with the requirements. A non probability purposive sampling technique was employed to recruit the total sample size of sixty. After obtaining informed written consent for the study, all subjects who met the inclusion criteria were successfully enrolled in to the study. Data were collected using standardized data collection form based on CDC/WHO criteria. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. The results showed that most subjects were of adult ages with female preponderance. There was a high prevalence rate of transfusion with hemorrhagic conditions being the leading cause .It was also found that transfusion and HEV, HGV and HTLV-1&11 screening were not routinely carried out on the donors. Blood transfusion complication were developed in 5(8.33%) out which two had febrile reaction, there was however no mortality. The study concluded that the safety of blood product and blood product is a major public health and clinical concern. Therefore, it is recommended that health care personnel should regard transfusion with a skewed risk/benefit ratio and should always include all stake holders in decision making in the clinical evaluation of a patient considered for transfusion as a device for patient safety. Finally, blood transfusion should be considered as an inter-dependent role (nurse-physician and laboratory scientist)

Health and Economic Impact of Surgical Site Infections for Obstetric Surgical in Patients at General Hospital Funtua, Katsina State North-Western Nigeria

  Dalhatu, A.^a, Muhammad S. Mijinyawa^b, Hayatu, S.^c Yunusa, U.^d

^a&dDepartment of Nursing Sciences, Bayero University Kano

^bDepartment of  Medicine, Bayero University Kano and  Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital

^cDepartment of Medical Laboratory Science, Bayero University Kano

E-mails: adamudalhatu206@gmail.com, profandnafs@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Infection has been the feature of man across the globe.Surgical site infections (SSIs) are the most common complications after surgery that has significant impact in patient Morbidity, mortality and health care cost. A descriptive cross sectional study was used involving all subjects who attended maternity unit for delivery. A non probability purposive sampling technique was employed to recruit the total sample size of one hundred. After obtaining informed written consent for the study, all subjects who met the inclusion criteria were successfully enrolled in to the study. Pre-operative, intra-operative and postoperative data were collected using standardized data collection form based on CDC/WHO criteria. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. The results showed that the minimum age of the subjects ranged between 21 years to 30 years with the median age of 25 year. Most  of the subjects  had no formal education and were not engaged in any  occupational services yet with slight increased in body mass index and reflected high number of primigravida. The major findings revealed that the average extra medical costs for subjects with surgical site infection during the   period of index hospitalization was NGN5100 (US$30.0 per subject, (p<0.001). In conclusion, surgical site infection recognized during period of index hospitalization has a significant extra resource utilization on subjects. Therefore, it is recommended that government, hospitals management and obstetrician have a vital role to play in putting measures that will reduce the problems and more investigations are needed in the field for post discharge subjects and to quantify the indirect medical costs.

Keywords:  Surgical Site Infection, Economic, Hospitalization, Health, Patient

Medical Tourism and Nigeria-India Relations

Sharkdam Wapmuk¹, Agatha Eileen Wapmuk² and Titilola Abike Gbajabiamila³

¹Department of Research and Studies, Nigerian Institute of International Affairs, Lagos, Nigeria,

²Division of Clinical Sciences, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria

³ Division of Clinical Sciences, Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria

Email:  sharksnaw@yahoo.com, swapmuk@niianet.org

ABSTRACT

The paper examines the growing phenomenon of medical tourism in Nigeria-India relations. It also discusses the evolving relationship between Nigeria and India and the growing presence of Indian investments in the Nigerian medical sector. The attraction of Nigerians to Indian hospitals is to seek quality and cost effective healthcare services. This has been necessitated by mismanagement resulting in the under-development of the health sector in Nigeria. India on the other hand has emerged as a major health provider because of its ability to offer ‘first-class treatment at Third World prices’. While India gains from inflow of a large number of Nigerian medical tourists, Nigeria loses from the outflow medical tourists due to the resultant cash flight. The paper also discussed the challenges of medical tourism sector in India. These include complex visa procedures, lack of insurance covers, poor airport facilities to carter for patients who arrive with critical conditions and accommodation challenges. Nigeria and India relations can be further strengthened for mutual benefits by expanding the partnership in the medical sector. The recent inflow of Indian medical centres into Nigeria, such as the Apollo Clinics, Primus hospital, Vedic Lifecare Clinic, Me Cure Healthcare Services Ltd, amongst others, provides the foundation for expanding partnership in this sector. That notwithstanding the number of Nigerians visiting Indian for medical tourism remains huge. Accordingly, the paper concludes by recommending an increased role on the part of the Nigerian government in improving healthcare service delivery in the country. Considering the huge prospects in the health sector, the paper also recommends that Nigerian and Indian entrepreneurs should partner and invest massively in the provision of quality, affordable and accessible healthcare services in Nigeria.

Keywords: Medical, Tourism, Nigeria, India, Patients, Trade and Investment