Table of Contents

GIS of Spatial Distribution of Ordinary Levels Schools in Yola North Local

Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria

Aliyu A. and Aliyu R.M.                                                                                                                        1-27

Analysis of the Operational Characteristics of Public-Private Partnership

in Solid Waste Management in Bauchi Metropolis

Haruna A.U. and Bashir U.M.                                                                                                   28-41

Energy Crisis: (A Case for Paradigm Shift in Favour of Renewable Energy Sources)

Aneze, E.U.                                                                                               42-54

A Study on Solid Waste Generation and Characterization in Some Selected

Hospitals in Okigwe Local Government Area, Imo State

Etusim, P.E., Ijere, A.O., Melariri, P.E., Ogwo, P.A.and Ikonne, U.                                             55-64

Assessment of Noise Pollution Level in Trans-Amadi Industrial Lay-Out in

Port Harcourt Rivers State, Nigeria

Digha, O.N. and Tabe, A.E.                                                                                                      65-73

Understanding Errors and Their Measurement in Geoinformation

Ndehedehe, C., Ekpa, A., Okwuashi, O. and Ogunlade, S.                                                        74-87

Incessant Collapse of Building A Big Challenge to the Professional Women Builders

L.A. Kawu                                                                                                                                88-96

An Evaluation of the Quality of Locally Processed Salts Consumed In Some Parts of Plateau State, Nigeria

I.Y. Longdet1, A.C. Chukwu2, Z.P. Duguryil2, A.D. Gosomji2, S. Lubis2,
M.A. Okooboh2, P.M. Jantur2, K.B. Denji2, N. Gambo2 and E.D. Mwanse3,
1Department of Biochemistry, University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria
2Department of Chemistry,
3Department of Psychology,
2&3Federal College of Education, Pankshin, Plateau State, Nigeria.
E-mail: islongdet@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Salt is a very important and loved additive in a variety of foods. Therefore the quality of this important product needs to be certain as it can be a vehicle for a number of contaminants. Deposits of the halite or rock salt were found in some communities of Quan-Pan, Shendam, Langtang North and Mikang L.G.A. while it is only consumed in Bokkos. Analysis of the locally processed salts for iodine contents and heavy metal contaminants were carried out. ICP Technique was used to measure the levels of iodine,
lead, calcium, zinc, manganese, iron, nickel, chromium, copper and cobalt in the samples. The results show that the iodine levels in the salts were quite low (4.32mg/kg salt to 6.107 mg/kg salt) compared to the recommended level of 50mg /kg salt that should be in edible salts. The levels of some of the heavy metals were adjudged as constituting health risk; these include:
cobalt (4.32 μg/kg salt to 6.11μg/kg salt), chromium (3.40 x 10-2 mg/kg salt to 3.91×10-2 mg/kg salt), nickel (1.99 x 10-3 mg/kg salt to 4.09 x10-3 mg/kg salt) and lead (10.69mg/kg salt to 15.45mg/kg salt). It is evident that the salts are not safe for human consumption.

The Application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) In the Sitting

Water Reservoirs/Tanks to Enhance Water Distribution and
Networking in Lokoja, Kogi State, Nigeria.
Okoli, F.U. and Achegbulu, E.O.
Geoinformatics & Surveying Department
University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria.
E-mail: frankuzookoli@gmail.com , maximiks@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

The challenge of portable water and water distribution in Africa and the world at large in which Lokoja, Kogi State in Nigeria is no exception, is on the increase. The situation in Lokoja where both the River Benue and Niger met is even more pathetic as both the young and old have to source their drinking water from the mud in what used to be the famous confluence – the meeting point of Nigeria’s two renowned rivers. This research project
investigated means of taking the advantage of the topography of the area, to enhance portable water distribution and networking systems through the identification of possible areas for the sitting of water reservoirs/tanks on high elevated plane for distribution of water due to gravity by employing Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques. Different layers were used: Digital Terrain Model (DTM) were developed, land use and land cover
map, contour map and a water pipeline layout map were prepared by various primary and secondary data available. These layers were integrated to produce a map showing possible locations for water reservoirs/tanks for water distribution network for adequate supply of water without absolute dependent on the public power supply. This research recommends that, water distribution network should be designed such that water pressure is adequate at all locations, water are conveniently available at different locations for steady supply, and that the water sectors should harness the topography of an area to provide sufficient water through her liable distribution network.

Challenges of Urban Water Management in Nigeria: The Way Forward
Adah, P.D. and Abok G.
1&2Department of Urban and Regional Planning,
1The Federal Polytechnic, Idah-Kogi State
2Kaduna Polytechnic, Kaduna State.
E-mail: adahproject@gmail.com, abokgal66@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

As the saying goes “Water is Life’’ one may however reframe it by rather saying “Adequate Safe Water is Life”. This is so because there could be water everywhere but not a single drop to drink or to use for domestic and other purposes due to the unsafe nature of such water. This phenomenon arises due to ineffective water management culture. The gap between water need and supply has widened steadily in Nigeria’s urban centre despite continuous efforts made to develop the nation’s vast surface and groundwater resources. Acute water shortages afflict the inhabitants of the towns and cities. The paper revealed that the challenges facing water management in the country include; Lack of effective compliance to policies, weak data base, fragmented responsibility, climate change, poor state of infrastructure, cost intensive, corruption, rapid urbanization, and low rate of costs recovery as the bulk
of available water supply is unmetered and where metered, ridiculously low rates are charged. Thus; in order to ameliorate these challenges;recommendations were made as the way forward to achieving sustainable water management. There is need for total compliance to water management policies (both local and international), encourage stakeholder participation, Enforcement of existing laws and Regulatory responsibilities. There is also a great need for management policy that aims at financial viability and economic efficiency. More realistic water
rates should be charged in order to raise the much-needed revenue to meet increasing production and distribution costs.

Determination of Spot Heights of the University of Lagos Campus Omogunloye O.G.

Department of Surveying and Geoinformatics,
University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria.
E-mail: gabolushohan@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

To obtain the relief of a particular geographical area, the horizontal and vertical coordinates of the area are required. These coordinates can be obtained through various surveying techniques. This project deals with the determination of Spot Heights of the University of Lagos Campus, using Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS). The knowledge of the topography of an area gives planners and engineers the panacea to properly manage and develop old and new man made feature. The need of this project is to produce map of University of Lagos showing the relief pattern of the entire campus and also to show or identify areas of minimum
and maximum elevations within the campus vicinity. In order to accomplish the aim of this study, the use of both field observation and remote sensing methods were adopted to acquire data. The measurements of horizontal and vertical coordinates of all stations using Promark 3 Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) equipment was combined with satellite imagery
which was used to create spot heights, contour map, digital terrain model and topographic map of the entire campus. The data obtained are processed using the following software ArcGIS, Surfer 8, Global Mapper, GNSS Solutions and Excel Spreadsheet. The data processed and the results of analysis done can be seen in form of maps, Digital Terrain Model, tables, bar charts and pie charts. The results obtained can be used for both engineering and tourism purposes, cut and fill calculation, development of new structures and identifications of areas that are liable to flooding.

Incessant Collapse of Building A Big Challenge to the Professional Women Builders

L.A. Kawu
Department of Building
Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi State

ABSTACT

This paper examines the causes of building collapse, roles of built
environment professionals in the lack of code enforcement saga. The option open or left to the professional women builders to step ahead of male colleagues in a male domain industry by spicing up their professional roles (as dictated by the code) with all their feminine attributes/natural endowments to fight this menace building collapse to a logical conclusion.
The paper concluded that, professional women builders could/can fasten the code enforcement process through fostering unity amongst all the women in the sister professions and also help curb building collapse through communication, coordination, collaboration, professional roles specialization and transformation of Nigerian Building Construction Industry as well as sustainability of our built environment.

UNDERSTANDING ERRORS AND THEIR MEASUREMENT IN GEOINFORMATION

1Ndehedehe, C., 2Ekpa, A., 3Okwuashi, O. and 4Ogunlade, S.
1, 2 & 3Department of Geoinformatics & Surveying,
University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
4Department of Surveying and Geoinformatics,
Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria

ABSTRACT

Managing error in GIS datasets is now recognized as a substantial
problem that needs to be addressed in the design and use of such
systems. Failure to control and manage error can limit severely or
invalidate the results of a GIS analysis. The various sources of errors that may affect the quality of a GIS dataset have been highlighted in this paper. One major approach in managing error in a GIS datasets is documenting procedures, products and producing data quality reports. Another is setting of standards and procedures for product.

ASSESSMENT OF NOISE POLLUTION LEVEL IN TRANS-AMADI INDUSTRIAL LAY-OUT IN PORT HARCOURT RIVERS STATE, NIGERIA

1Digha, O.N. and 2Tabe, A.E.
1&2Department of Geography and Environmental Science,
University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.
E-mail: dighaopaminola@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

The study seeks to assess noise pollution level in Trans-Amadi Industrial Layout in Port-Harcourt Rivers State Nigeria. Port-Harcourt is an industrialized metropolitan city with over 6.5million population. The methodology was basically instrumentation and maletical. The instruments used for the study were GPS, and a BK precision digital sound level meter (IE C6.5/type II) model. The instrument was set on the weighting and slow response at an interval of five (5) minutes per reading. The noise meter
microphone was held facing the source of the noise at a highest of 1.2 meter. The findings of the study indicates that all sampled located had noise above the cunbiant limit. Rivoc Road locations 1 has an average noise level of 77.2dB, Mother Cat Odokwuku is 78dB, Ordinace road is 70dB, Danjuma drive 81dB, Eastern by pass road is 82dB, Elk Road is 82dB, Slaughter market
is 76dB, Destiny Drive is 7dB, Abuloma road 5dB and total Gospel Road is 76dB. All the values were above the ambient limit 80, by implications, the inhabitance of the study area were subjected all forms of noise pollution related diseases. Therefore steps should be taken to ameliorate the evils of noise pollution on human health and loss of man hours as well as human resources.

A STUDY ON SOLID WASTE GENERATION AND CHARACTERIZATION IN SOME SELECTED HOSPITALS IN OKIGWE LOCAL GOVERNMENT

AREA, IMO STATE
Etusim, P.E.1, Ijere, A.O.1, Melariri, P.E.1,
Ogwo, P.A.2 and Ikonne, U.3
1Department of Animal and Environmental Biology
Faculty of Biological and Physical Sciences, Abia State University, Uturu.
2Department of Environmental Resource Management,
Faculty of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Abia State University, Uturu.
3Unit of Public/Environmental Health,
College of Medical and Health Sciences, Abia State University, Uturu.
E-mails: soljant4real@yahoo.com & etusimp@gmail.com

ABTRACT

This paper reports the result of hospital waste analysis undertaken in some hospitals in Okigwe. This analysis was carried out between August and December 2012. Hospital wastes generated and collected from three different hospitals in Okigwe were categorized into five different classes of hospital waste. A total 95.51kg of waste was collected from the three hospitals; 60.54kg (63.38%) from H1, 18.9kg (19.7%) from H2 and 16.07kg (16.83%) from H3. GHW was the most prominent waste consisting of 64.6kg (67.63%) while the least waste type was RHW 0.09kg (0.09%).
SHW, IHW and PHW weighed 11.9kg (12.45%), 16.4kg (17.17%) and 2.45kg (2.56%) respectively. A similar pattern and order of composition was recorded in the three different hospitals. RHW being the least generated waste, followed by PHW, SHW, IHW and finally GHW. A total of 13.2kg of waste was generated per day at the three hospitals; H1 generated the greatest waste per day (7.57kg), H2 generated the least waste per day (2.01kg) H3 generated 3.36kg of the hospital waste per day. H2 produced the greatest Waste/Day/Bed (0.33kg) while H1 produced the least (0.09kg). H3 generated 0.20kg hospital Waste/Day/Bed. This study reveals the absence of modern waste/incineration facilities in all the hospitals and therefore recommends their provision in order to contain the rapid waste generation of the hospitals.

ENERGY CRISIS: (A CASE FOR PARADIGM SHIFT IN FAVOUR OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES)

Aneze, E.U
Department of Surveying & Geoinformatics
Enugu State University of Science & Technology, Enugu
E-mail:

ABSTRACT

The future of mankind remains bleak and precarious if we do not come to terms with stark realities of basic environmental problems like proper refuse disposal, blocked drains, land misuse, deforestation and lately tackling the menace of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and improper disposal of nondegradable
materials, not even the bio-degradable wastes. Yet our
economy is voraciously consuming automobiles and other appliances whose functioning are already considered harmful to the environment. Our nation is operating energy policy while individuals source energy for their needs anyhow. Various factors, natural and man-made contributing to energy crisis was considered. Merits and demerits of different energy
sources are highlighted. A case for paradigm shift in favour of renewable energy sources as alternatives is strongly advocated. As the world advances in research to break away from crude oil through alternative means,ranging from zero-emission coal fire plants through revolutionary solar and wind technologies to safe nuclear energy, electronic cars and pollution-from
cars that run on hydrogen; the economic strength of many nations as thesuppliers of energy is greatly challenged.